A change in the standard word order or pattern. Schemes are figures of speech that deal with word order, syntax, letters, and sounds, rather than the meaning of words, which involves TROPES
Parallelism -- when the writer establishes similar patterns of grammatical structure and length. For instance, "King Alfred tried to make the law clear, precise, and equitable." The previous sentence has parallel structure in use of adjectives. However, the following sentence does not use parallelism: "King Alfred tried to make clear laws that had precision and were equitable."
If the writer uses two parallel structures, the result is isocolon parallelism: "The bigger they are, the harder they fall."
Antithesis (plural antitheses) -- contrary ideas expressed in a balanced sentence.
* Evil men fear authority; good men cherish it. (a contrast of opposites)
* One small step for a man, one giant leap for all mankind. (a contrast of degree).
Antimetabole -- (also called Epanados) repetition in reverse order:
* One should eat to live, not live to eat.
* You like it; it likes you.
* I lead the life I love; I love the life I lead.
* By failing to prepare you're preparing to fail.
Alliosis -- presenting alternatives: While such a structure often results in the logical fallacy of the false dichotomy or the either/or fallacy, it can create a cleverly balanced and artistic sentence.
* You can eat well or you can sleep well.
Asyndeton -- using no conjunctions to create an effect of speed or simplicity:
* Veni. Vidi. Vici. "I came. I saw. I conquered." (As opposed to "I came, and then I saw, and then I conquered.")
* Been there. Done that. * Bought the t-shirt.
Polysyndeton -- using many conjunctions to achieve an overwhelming effect: All those ands make the student sound like she is completely overwhelmed! For a literary example of polysyndeton
* This term, I am taking biology and English and history and math and music and physics and sociology." , click here.
Schemes that Break the Rules: How to Misspell Words and Ignore Grammar Like a Pro.
Enallage -- intentionally misusing grammar to characterize a speaker or to create a memorable phrase. Boxing manager Joe Jacobs, for instance, became immortal with the phrase,
* We was robbed!
Or, the editors of Punch magazine might tell their British readers,
* You pays your money, and you takes your chances."
Anapodoton -- deliberately creating a sentence fragment by the omission of a clause:
* If only you came with me!" If only students knew what anapodoton was! Good writers never use sentence fragments? Ah, but they can. And they do. When appropriate.
Tsmesis -- intentionally breaking a word into two parts for emphasis. Goldwyn once wrote: In English, this rhetorical scheme is fairly rare.
* I have but two words to say to your request: Im Possible."
Repeating Yourself:
When Redundancy is not Redundant
Repetition is the simple repeating of a word, within a sentence or a poetical line, with no particular placement of the words, in order to secure emphasis. This is such a common literary device that it is almost never even noted as a figure of speech. It also has connotations to listing for effect and is used commonly by famous poets such as Philip Larkin.
Alliteration --repetition of a sound in multiple words:
* buckets of big blue berries.
If we want to be super-technical, alliteration comes in two forms. Consonance is the repetition of consonant sounds:
* many more merry men.
If the first letters are the consonants that alliterate, the technique is often called head rhyme.
Anaphora - is the repetition of a word or phrase at the beginning of every clause.- repetition of beginning clauses.
Functions of Anaphora: As a rhetorical device, it is used to appeal to the emotions of the audience in order to persuade, inspire, motivate and encourage them. For instance, Churchill declared:
* We shall not flag or fail. We shall go on to the end. We shall fight in France, we shall fight on the seas and oceans. We shall fight with growing confidence and growing strength in the air. We shall defend our island, whatever the cost shall be.
* One death is a tragedy; one million is a statistic. Joseph Stalin
* When it comes to giving advice, I can tell you a lot; when it comes to my problems, I don't know what to do.
* When it comes to giving advice, I can tell you a lot; when it comes to my problems, I don't know what to do.
As Voltaire reminds us, "Common sense is not so common." As Shakespeare chillingly phrases it,
* Blood will have blood.
* Mankind must put an end to war, or war will put and end to mankind." - John F. Kennedy
* An eye for an eye, and a tooth for a tooth, a life for a life. (Biblical lextalionis).
* Man's inhumanity to man.
Anadiplosis -- repeating the last word of a clause at the beginning of the next clause. Gradatio creates a rhythmical pattern to carry the reader along the text, even as it establishes a connection between words. As Nietzsche said:
* Talent is an adornment; an adornment is also a concealment.
* Fear leads to anger; anger leads to hatred; hatred leads to conflict; conflict leads to suffering.
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